Credit products. Calculation methods and algorithms

Planning finances in business plans is first and foremost - the selection of financing to eliminate the shortage of funds. To do this, you will need a tool that can simulate loans of any complexity - calculate annuities, choose formulas and calculation algorithms, determine ways of repaying loans (ACT / ACT, ACT / 360, 360/360), take into account differential payments and interest rates, refinancing rate, etc.

With Budget-Plan Express, you can easily schedule loan or rental products (leasing payments) of any complexity. To simplify the interface, the user selects the type of credit product from the list: “Standard”, “Annuity”, “Consumer”. By choosing the type of credit product, the user immediately selects a formula or algorithm by which payments will be calculated.

The calculation of credit payments according to the simple interest, based on the annual interest rate, is calculated by the formula:

K_(t) = Z (1 + pt),

Where:
K_(t) – payments for period t.
Z – credit amount.
t – is the number of years or the number of years ratio (t = number of days / 360 or = number of days / 365. If the calculation step is a month, then t = number of months / 12).
p – interest rate.

The calculation of compound interest takes into account interest money. That is, the loan takes into account not only the amount of the debt, but also the accumulated interest.

The formula for compound interest is calculated from the formula for simple interest. For example, the calculation of final payments, taking into account accruing interest, for the 1st and 2nd year will be as follows:

K₁ = Z (1+ p)
K₂ = Z(1+ p)(1+ p) = Z(1+ p)²

Where:
K₍₁₎, K₍₂₎ – payments for the 1st and 2nd years of the loan.

K_n Z(1+ p)(1+ p)...(1+ p) = Z( 1+ p )ⁿ

Where:
n – number of years or the number of years ratio (n = number of days / 360 or n = number of months / 12).

Accounting in the formula for previously accrued interest is more fair from the point of view of the borrower, of course, if the money and interest remain with the borrower until payment.

Example. Z = 1,000,000, p = 0.12 (12%) and n = 1.5 (18 months). Calculate loan options - at simple and compound interest.

According to the simple interest scheme:

K_(1.5) = Z (1 + pt) = 1 000 000 (1 + 0.12 × 1.5) = 1 180 000

According to the compound interest scheme:

K_(1.5) = Z( 1+ p )ⁿ = 1 000 000 (1 + 0.12)^1.5 ≈ 1 185 287

Thus, payments under the compound interest scheme are “fairer” and more profitable for the lender, and are understandable for the borrower, again, if this money and interest remain with the borrower until payment, i.e., are paid off at the end of the term. But if the same money is paid monthly, the “fairness” of this formula loses its original meaning and changes the meaning exactly the opposite (see consumer credit, formulas [4], [5]).

Choosing the type of credit product, the user selects the formula and algorithm by which payments will be calculated:

1. "Standard" loan product involves the calculation of differentiated payments for simple and compound interest.
2. An “Annuity” credit product is equal in amount (usually monthly) payments, which include the amount of interest charged on a loan and the amount of principal. Two formulas are used to calculate annuities - using simple and compound interest.
3. "Consumer" credit product, as well as "Standard" is calculated by the standard formulas of simple and complex interest. However, the loan is paid in equal payments - annuity. It is calculated by simply dividing the amount (debt and interest) by the number of payments.

In the practice of banks (when lending to legal entities, budget organizations) the formula [2] and [3], using compound interest, is the most common for calculating annuities. This formula for calculating annuities [2] and [3] is called the formula of the current (accrued) value of the permanent financial rent. Also, this formula is used to calculate discounted cash flows (see the “Present Value” section.).

The formula for calculating a consumer loan using annuities is essentially “unfair” in relation to a borrower, and even more so if annuities are calculated according to the compound interest scheme. Judge for yourself, after the borrower has already repaid part of the amount, for example, half the amount of the debt, he also continues to pay interest on the already repaid debt. That is, half of the money is already owned by the bank, it manages half of the debt, but at the same time the borrower continues to pay interest for a part of the debt that does not already belong to him. This “injustice” is simply explained: consumer loans, as a rule, are loans with a high degree of risk. This is a premium for future risks, that is, banks insure themselves against future risks.

Therefore, when a rate is announced, for example, 12.5%, it is necessary to clarify - by what formula is a loan considered. The real rate may be an order of magnitude greater than the declared one if the loan is taken for more than 1 year.

☛ To find out the real rate, compare different credit conditions, calculated using different formulas, use the program. Here you can calculate loan products of almost any complexity.

In the program, all payments are discounted at the end of periods and the payments are called postinumero.

1. Calculation step (in months, days)
2. Annual cycle accounting method (ACT / ACT, ACT / 360, 360/360);
3. Limit percentage
4. Estimated percent (simple, complex)
5. Calculation currency.

1. Periodicity of payments;
2. Deferred debt;
3. Deferred percent;
4. Accounting for an arithmetic or geometric progression
5. Accounting for other one-time payments
6. Accounting for other periodic payments;
7. Bid adjustment.

All payments are displayed in the "table of payments" in the currency to which they relate. At the time of payment, in the "table of payments" are calculated expense (income) related to currency exchange in system (basic) currency. At the same time, all calculations in the financial plan represented in the system (primary) currency. In the statement of profit and loss exchange rate differences reflected in the line (16): "other non-operating expenses (income)" and not included in "debt servicing Costs".

Progressive payouts are only used for the "standard" loan product where the percent money is repaid depending on the balance owed.

1. Payments varying in arithmetic progression:

Z = [2B₁ + d (n-1)] n / 2,

hence the first payment of the debt:

B₁ = Z / n - d(n-1) / 2

где:
Z – amount of debt,
B₁ – first payment of debt,
d – difference of arithmetic progression (sum).


2. Payments, and variable geometric progression:

Z = B₁ [qⁿ - 1] / [q - 1],

hence the first payment of the debt:

B₁ = Z [q - 1] / [qⁿ - 1]

где:
Z – amount of debt,
B₁ – first payment of debt,
q – denominator of geometric progression (percent).

In world practice there are several ways of determining the term of loan return t (in years) for loans issued to period calculated in days. In each of these ways time the repayment of the loan t (in years) is calculated by the formula:

t = s / g,

where s and g are defined depending on the calculation method:

1. "English" way or ACT / ACT . The number of s is equal to the exact number of days of a loan minus one day (day of issue and date of repayment of the loan is considered one day), the number of g is equal to the exact number of days in year (365 or 366). This method is called English and is often referred to as a way 365/365 or ACT/ACT.

2. "French" way or ACT / 360 . The number of s is equal to the exact number of days of a loan minus one day (day of issue and date of repayment of the loan is considered one day), the number g is equal to 360 (a year has 12 months of 30 days). This method called the French and is often referred to as a way 365/360 or ACT/360.

3. "German" way or 360/360 . The number g is 360 (in the year 12 months to 30 days), the number s consists of a full number of months (30 days each) plus an accurate number of days in the remaining incomplete month minus one day (the day of issue and the day of repayment of the loan are considered one day). This method is called German and is often referred to as method 360/360.

The percentage limits is the marginal value of percent deductions, including percent and sum differences on obligations. Is calculated based on refinancing rate: refinancing rate multiplied by a factor. Depends on the tax law (of any country) in a particular case. In some tax jurisdictions, the ratio may depend on the loan currency. For example, marginal rate in rubles = refinancing rate * 1.8 or ceiling rate currency = refinancing rate * 0.8 or greater.

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